Taimirian Grammar 2

F. Inflected forms
The original Taimirian language is envisioned as one that is completely isolated, in which words comprise only one units and particles are separate from their words. However, in related dialects, it would be ergonomical to merge certain words together. This gives rise to dialectical variation in an unregulated setting.

Regional type A "Anhi": Particles before pronoun e.g. An hi becomes Anhi or Ani
Regional type B "Hín": Particles after pronoun or noun e.g. An hi becomes Hian or Hín

G. Rules of inflection
(Regional type A)
Inflection type Aa: An hi becomes Anhi
Inflection type Ab: An hi becomes Ani or An'i

(Regional type B)
Inflection type Ba "Hian": Particle is intact as postfix e.g. An brid, an huali becomes Bridan, hualian
Inflection type Bb "Hihan":  'h' is inserted if two vowels are made adjacent e.g. In utsina, ana turu becomes Utsinahin, turuhana
Inflection type Bc "Hín": The vowels in the noun root and postfix are merged e.g. In utsina, ana turu becomes Utsinán, turúna.
Inflection type Bd "Han": The terminal vowel in the root is eliminated e.g. In utsina, ana turu becomes Utsinin, turana.

H. Numbers and Plurals

1. en
2. kas
3. tre
4. kaha
5. vis
6. kus
7. sett
8. kahta
9. ihta
10. setu
11. setu ha en "ten and one"
(variations: setuhaen_Ba setuhahen_Bb setuhán_Bc setuhen_Bd)
20. kas na setu "two of ten"
(variations: kasnasetu_A, kassetuna_B)
21. kas na setu ha en "two of ten, and one"
100. sata
1,000. tusenat
10,000. vanat
1,000,000. tuat

Plurals with numbers specified are expressed with the number in the genitive case. Thus it is said of two geese "two of goose" and six houses "six of house". It is possible in certain dialects to affix the plural marker "e" to plural objects. The dialects are hence characterised by the treatment of plural.

An kahta n'agnis (An kahta na agnis: Eight sheep)
Plural type a: No plural affix - An kahta n'agnis_Aba, Kahtan agnisna_Baa
Plural type b: Plural affix - An kahta n'agnis e_Abb, Kahtan agnisena_Bab
Plural type c: Affix only when number is unspecified.

Taimirian Grammar 1

Objective: To visualise a language which is grammatically perfect, i.e. has no exceptions to the rule, no redundancy, and needs nothing to be implied.

Constraint: The stylistic constraint in this project is that it is an isolating language (no affixes or barreling of words), with all cases and tenses indicated by markers rather than built into the word. Uniquely for this project, my language will have a marker for the nominative and accusative cases as well as the locative and other cases.

Method: The project will start from the use of nominative and accusative markers. Thence additional rules will be introduced to express things already expressible in English. Vocabulary will be conjured out of thin air or with reference to some existing language, so that the reader is not confused by broken English.

A. The Nominative and Accusative Markers
The particle an accompanies a subject i.e. a noun in the nominative case:
An hun - dog
The particle ir accompanies an object i.e. a noun in the accusative case:
Ir pesk - fish
For a simple sentence that says: A dog is eating a fish, we can say:
An hun thju ir pesk.

The beauty of this rule is that it eliminates the need for a passive voice, like the Finnish language infamously possesses. So if you want to say that a fish is being eaten, you can say
Ir pesk thju.

B. The Definite Marker
A noun is indefinite by default. For a definite noun, the particle ta is inserted, similar in role as "the" for English.
An ta hun - the dog
Ir ta pesk - the fish
An ta hun thju ir ta pesk - the dog is eating the fish
Ir ta pesk thju - the fish is being eaten

C. Verb Conjugation and Pronouns
In order to make the language extremely isolating, no verbs are conjugated. However, there are markers for tense. Using the word fin to mean "to be":
An ta pesk fin - the fish is
An ta pesk i fin - the fish was (past tense)
An ta pesk a fin - the fish will be (future tense)

The personal pronouns are listed thus:
U / Uri - 1st person (singular/plural)
Tu / Tur - 2nd person (singular/plural)
Hi / Hir - 3rd person (singular/plural)

Relative pronouns are simply the case marker of the noun of reference:
An foda na uri, an fin in heofon - Our Father, who art in heaven

D. The Other Case Markers and Negation
The particle na indicates possession and attribution, accompanying a noun in the genitive case:
An hun na u - My dog
An foda na uri - Our Father
An na tu, an na hir - Yours, theirs

The particle in accompanies a noun in the inessive case.
The particle ana accompanies a noun in the adessive case.
The particle fra, placed before in or ana, changes that particle into an elative or ablative marker.
The particle do, placed before in or ana, changes that particle into an illative or allative marker.
Examples:
An hun na uri i het do in talo - Our dog went into a house
An hun na uri fin in ta talo - Our dog is in the house
An foda na u het do ana hi - My father is going to him (lit. going to-at him)
An foda na u fin ana hun na hi - My father is with (lit. at) his dog
An hir a kom fra in ta talo - They will come out of (lit. from-in) the house

The particle vit accompanies a noun in the commitative or instructive case, seen in English as "with".
An hi i thju ir pesk vit hand na hi - He ate the fish with his hand (instructive)
An hi a kom vit ta hun - He will come with the dog (commitative)

The particle son accompanies a noun in the essive case, like the word "like" or "as" in English.
An tu a kom son kung na uri - You will come as our king
An hi i fin son kung - He was like a king

The particle ni before the case marker negates the case, and also a verb
ni in ta talo - not in the house
An hi ni kom - He is not coming.

E. Grammatical Moods
Moods are indicated by the order of words in the sentence as well as markers.
The indicative mood is the default, narative mood that we have been dealing with. The word order in use is subject-verb-object (SVO) or subject-object-verb (SOV).
An hir a kom do i baile - They will come to town

The conditional mood, similar in role with the English "if", uses the word order VSO:
Kom an hir do i baile - if they come to town
Het an tu do i baile, an tu a kan ir hi - If you go in to town, you will see him

The imperative mood uses the word order VOS, emphasising the addressee at the end.
Het do i ta baile, an tu! - Go (in)to the town! (Addressing one person)
Het do i ta baile, an uri! - Let's go to the town!
Het do i ta baile, an u! - I shall go to the town!
Ni het do i ta baile an uri. - Let's not go to town.

In the subjunctive mood, the particle go is used at the beginning of the phrase in indicative. The subjunctive mood is also used for subordinate clauses:
Go an ta hun het - (I hope that) the dog goes away.
An hi ana u i so, go an hi a kom - He told me that he will come.

The interrogative mood uses the particle kad at the beginning of the sentence, indicating that a question is being asked.
Kad an thju? - Who is eating? (Question on subject)
Kad ir an tu thju? - What are you eating? (Question on object)
Kad ana an tu thju? - Where/when are you eating? (Question on locative nouns)
Kad vit ir hi thju? - How do you eat it? (lit. What-with is it eaten? Question on instructive noun)
Kad son ir hi kan? - How does it look? (lit. What-like is it seen? Question on essive noun)
Kad go an tu thju? - Are you eating? (Questioning validity of a subordinate clause)